California Workers Try To Secure Benefits Essays -

California workers try to secure benefits By Mary Fricker Press Democrat staff writer One million times a year, California workers seek help from their employers for an on-the-job injury. Most believe the state's workers compensation laws -- created at the turn of the century and overhauled four years ago -- will be a safety net. Instead, many will step into a world where, at perhaps one of the most vulnerable times in their lives, they will wander for years with little help. This is a world where doctors can earn $500 an hour writing reports, lawyers can earn $100 an hour arguing about benefits that are set by law, judges can make $85,000 a year and insurance chief executive officers can be paid $2 million a year. All while hundreds of thousands of injured workers -- among them school teachers, laborers and office workers -- face years of frustration and delays to get medical care and $39 to $490 a week. That's the California workers compensation system. And it is damaging lives. ''This system chews people up, and I don't like it,'' said Edward C. Woodward, president of the California Workers' Compensation Institute, the research arm of the insurance industry. ''This would be a scandal anyplace else in the world.'' After 1993 legislation made the most sweeping changes in workers compensation in 20 years, The Press Democrat conducted a 12-month investigation to see how well the reorganized system is serving California workers injured on the job. It found a system that serves the powerful voices of employers, insurance companies, doctors and lawyers, while workers remain unheard. Among the findings: * Benefits are the lowest in the nation for six out of 10 workers with a permanent injury. Overall, benefits are so low that California ranks 45th out of 50 states. * Injured California workers must go to court to get benefits 20 percent of the time, double the rate 12 years ago and more than four times the national average. * Insurers mishandle half their claims. In one of every five cases, the insurer won't properly notify workers of benefits, and in one of every six cases workers won't be paid all the money they're owed, according to state audits. * Fraud is overstated. While some insurance companies claim one out of three workers lie about their injuries, or 33 percent, the actual number of fraud cases sent to prosecutors is less than 1 out of 100, or less than 1 percent. * The state has one information counselor for every 20,000 workers comp cases, symptomatic of a bureaucracy that greets half of worker calls with a busy signal and can't even say how many claims are filed each year. * No state agency regularly monitors claims to see, for instance, whether insurance payments are received on time or whether injured workers are receiving appropriate medical care. Conflict and confusion To assess how claims are handled, The Press Democrat conducted the first-ever media analysis of state computer data, analyzing 26,400 North Coast workers compensation claims covering six years, as well as another 77,800 cases in central and southern California at the Santa Barbara and Long Beach appeals boards. It found that conflict and confusion are imbedded in a system that is taking longer to resolve disputed cases every year, while the number of disputed claims is increasing faster than the growth in the work force. One out of five injured workers will spend almost three years struggling with claims adjusters and doctors and lawyers to get the benefits they are guaranteed by law. The nature of claims is changing as well, moving from warehouse to office with a growing number of cumulative strain injuries such as carpal tunnel syndrome, which are more difficult to assess and harder to quantify. ''I wouldn't want to be an injured worker in this system, due in huge part to the inherent complexity, subjectivity and inefficiency,'' said Doug Widtfeldt, vice president of the Association of California Insurance Companies. ''Delays and disputes are an endemic problem.'' The California program -- funded by employers and run by insurance companies, or employers who self-insure -- covers 13 million workers, almost twice New York or Texas. Every year, it costs employers roughly $8 billion, pays insurance companies about $1 billion in profits, pays doctors and medical providers $2 billion for medical care, pays workers $2 billion,

Free Essays on Should Condoms Be Passed Out In School

Everyone agrees that we need to educate young people about how to avoid STDs and teenage pregnancy. But people disagree about who should do the teaching and what method to use. Some people believe it's the parents’ responsibility to talk to their kids about sex and its consequences. Others believe that schools and community groups have a role and a responsibility to educate young people about STDs and teenage pregnancy. A number of people think that the best way to deal with STDs is to encourage young people not to have sex until they are married or at least until they are adults. They argue that this is the best approach because; it’s the only 100% effective way to prevent the consequences of sex. â€Å" You don’t get pregnant if you don’t have sex†. Giving out condoms will only make it harder for young people, especially girls, to say "no" to sex. Some believe it puts an inordinate amount of pressure on young people to be sexually active. I feel that the best way to stop the spread of STDs is to encourage teens to use condoms if they are sexually active; some people also favor distributing condoms in schools and community centers. They argue that this is the best approach because condoms have been proven to greatly reduce the risk of HIV transmission and STDs. Some parents say, â€Å"Why not give them condoms, they will have sex whether we know or not so I rather have them protected.† Condoms should be given out in schools at the school nurse’s office. Whether adults like it or not, some teens do have sex without their parents knowing. If they don't have access to condoms or don't know the importance of using them they risk getting pregnant, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Do not misunderstand me; I’m an advocate for abstinence for anyone adult or teen who is not married. This method works well in an ideal world but as you may see this is not an ideal world we live in. The kids now grow up faster ... Free Essays on Should Condoms Be Passed Out In School Free Essays on Should Condoms Be Passed Out In School Everyone agrees that we need to educate young people about how to avoid STDs and teenage pregnancy. But people disagree about who should do the teaching and what method to use. Some people believe it's the parents’ responsibility to talk to their kids about sex and its consequences. Others believe that schools and community groups have a role and a responsibility to educate young people about STDs and teenage pregnancy. A number of people think that the best way to deal with STDs is to encourage young people not to have sex until they are married or at least until they are adults. They argue that this is the best approach because; it’s the only 100% effective way to prevent the consequences of sex. â€Å" You don’t get pregnant if you don’t have sex†. Giving out condoms will only make it harder for young people, especially girls, to say "no" to sex. Some believe it puts an inordinate amount of pressure on young people to be sexually active. I feel that the best way to stop the spread of STDs is to encourage teens to use condoms if they are sexually active; some people also favor distributing condoms in schools and community centers. They argue that this is the best approach because condoms have been proven to greatly reduce the risk of HIV transmission and STDs. Some parents say, â€Å"Why not give them condoms, they will have sex whether we know or not so I rather have them protected.† Condoms should be given out in schools at the school nurse’s office. Whether adults like it or not, some teens do have sex without their parents knowing. If they don't have access to condoms or don't know the importance of using them they risk getting pregnant, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Do not misunderstand me; I’m an advocate for abstinence for anyone adult or teen who is not married. This method works well in an ideal world but as you may see this is not an ideal world we live in. The kids now grow up faster ...

CHROMATOGRAPHY (ANALISIS CHEMISTRY) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CHROMATOGRAPHY (ANALISIS CHEMISTRY) - Coursework Example In thin layer chromatography, a thin, uniform layer of silica or alumina gel was traditionally coated on a piece of glass. The mixture was dissolved in an appropriate solvent and the glass plate was immersed in the liquid. The movement of the individual components of a mixture takes place at different rates and the distance travelled by each component is measured and the data so obtained is used to calculate the Rf value is calculated by dividing the distance travelled by the component with the distance travelled by the solvent. Rf values are then compared with standard values to identify the suspected component. Fluorescent materials are incorporated into the stationary phase to identify colorless components which are invisible to the naked eye. Such components are visualized using ultra violet light. Separation of components of a mixture depends upon their affinity for the solvent as well as the capability of bonding with the stationary phase which is rich in hydroxyl groups. Van d er Waals forces also operate between the components and their affinity or repulsion from the stationary phase and determine the distance moved. Column chromatography was advancement in the technique where the stationary phase was packed inside a column (glass tube) and the mobile phase with the dissolved investigative mixture poured from the top. The movement occurred under the influence of gravity as well as the attraction of the components in the stationary phase, allowing identification of individual components. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography/High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) is a modern technique used to separate desirable or investigative chemical compounds from other compounds in a liquid sample. The investigative compounds are dissolved in an appropriate organic or inorganic solvent known as the mobile phase and the mixture is passed under pressure through specific columns which constitute the stationary phase.

Constitutional law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Constitutional law - Essay Example The powers of the government should be controlled in order to ensure that its exercise of such powers does not cause destruction of the values it intended to uphold.4 According to the rule of law, an individual can only be punished in case of breach of the law.5 "Everyone is equal before the law and no one is above the law."6 It is the responsibility of the court to provide a remedy for any breach of an individual right. â€Å"The wider concept of rule of law fits with the idea of a codified constitution articulating a form of ‘higher law;’ or a set of shared community values which the people adopting the constitution wish to promote and protect, and against which they wish all other legislation to be measured.†7 The uncodified UK law does not provide these differences, but it affirms to that the government is subject to the law and so it is under the control of the courts.8 Therefore, the court themselves must be free of government’s influence in order to control the government effectively. In order to avoid concentration of too much power to a single body there should be separation of powers between the three governme nt institutions for effective application of law as established in various constitutions recognizing various government institutions.9 The constitutional theorists have recognized the role of government in the society by expressing their determination to put the government under control and establish a limit on how the government exercises its constitutional powers.10 The doctrine of separation of powers remains the main guiding principle for the proper organization of government.11 However, as suggested by the Montesquieu model of separation of power the theory of separation of powers has not been fully implemented. His model suggests partial separation of persons and functions of various branches of the government.12 The UK constitution has

Criminological Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Criminological Theory - Essay Example People consider them as the founding fathers of the classical theories because they are the ones who started enlightening the community on classical thinking. Their aim was to reduce the harshness experienced in the judicial systems during the eighteenth century. The classical theory bases its arguments on the principle of maximum pleasure and minimum pain (Gottfredson, 1990). Bentham is the main contributor to this school of thought, being a utilitarian he was interested in the well-being and happiness of the population. In classicism, punishment is for the good of the criminal. He believes that human behavior is aimed at minimizing pain and maximizing pleasure. Bentham as one of the founders of the classical theorists believes that, it is better to prevent a crime than to let a person commit a crime and then punish him. This theory advocates for a punishment that is equal to the crime committed. Classical thinking has a big impact in criminological thinking and a greater influence in criminal justice. In America and Europe, the idea of giving punishment depending on the nature of crime has created a foundation to the criminal justice systems in the modern society. Classical thinking has led to the decline of torture, use of capital punishment and corporal punishment (Baron, 2003). Over the years since the second half of eighteenth century and nineteenth century, prisons have developed, and the whole concept and idea of prison was to punish the soul and mind and not the body. This was very important in changing a person’s criminal behavior. One of the strengths of the classical theory is that, although it was developed long ago, it has continued to be used in the present judicial system (Baron, 2003). Deterrence as one of the elements in classical thinking helps in reducing crime rate. Classical thinking might be in great use today, but it also has its weaknesses and one of the weaknesses is that, in the

Objectives Of A Co Operative Society Commerce Essay

Objectives Of A Co Operative Society Commerce Essay Anand Milk Union Ltd. was founded in 1946 and is brand which is managed by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Ltd an Indian cooperative organisation (GCMMF), which today is jointly owned by 3.3 million milk producers in Gujarat, India. It spurred the white revolution in india which in turn made India the largest producer of milk and milk products in the world. Its annual turnover in the year 2011-2012 reached to US$ 2.5 billion. Its daily milk procurement is nearly 13 million lit from 16,117 village milk cooperative societies. GCMMF has now become the largest exporter of India. Many of its products are available in countries like USA, Gulf Countries, Singapore, The Philippines, Japan, China and Australia. Since the mid 1990s AMUL has entered areas that are not directly related to its core business. Its entry into the field of frozen products was quite successful as it was able to capture a large market share in quite a short while. Over the last five and a half decades, dairy cooperatives have created an economic network that links 3.1 million village milk producers with millions of consumers in India. Its products range from  milk,   butter, ghee,cheese, Masti Dahi, Yoghurt,   Buttermilk  chocolate,  ice cream, cream, shrikhand, paneer, gulab jamuns, flavoured milk, basundi, Nutramul brand and others. In January 2006, it launched Indias first sports drink Stamina, which plans to compete with Coco-Cola, Pepsi, Gatorade etc. It also introduced Kool Koko, a a chocolate milk brand extending its product offering in the milk products segment. Its sugar free pro-biotic ice cream won The International Dairy Federation Marketing Award in 2007. Logo Of The Company: 2.1 NATURE OF THE COMPANY The name Amul itself indicates that it is a co-operative union. There are various types of co-operative society which are as  under: (1) Producers or manufactures co-operative society (2) Consumer co-operative society (3) Housing co-operative society (4) co-operative farming (5) co-operative credit solvency This firm is the firm of association in which person combine together toform  a  society  for  the  purpose  of  manufacturing  goods.  Although  it  is democratic management of industrial production. This is useful where large capital is neither necessary nor much technical and expert knowledge of themanagement is needed. In India some of the Sugar mill and ginning mills are running under this formation. Dairies are also adopting co-operating format.Amul is the producers co-operative society. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE:- Organization Structure is divided into two parts: External Organization Structure Internal Organization Structure 1.External Organization Structure External Organization Structure is the organization structure that affects the organization from the outside. State Level Marketing Federation District Milk Product Union Ltd. Village Milk Product Union Ltd. Villagers As we know, GCMMF is a unit of Gujurat Milk Marketing Federation, which is a co-operative organization. The villagers of more than 10000 villages of Gujarat are the bases of this structure. They all make village milk producers union, district level milk producers union and then a state level marketing federation is established. The structure is a line relationship, which provides easy way to operation. It also provides better communication between two stages.. 2.Internal Organization Structure: The following is internal organization chart of Amul: Chairman Managing Director General Manager Assistant General Manager Finance Dept. Production Dept Marketing Dept. Sales Purchase Dept Personnel Dept. Senior Manager Senior Manager Senior Manager Senior Manager Senior Manager Finance Mana. Production Mana. Marketing mana. Sales Mana. Personnel Manager Accounting officer Marketing Officer P.R.F Officers Supervisors F.S.R Salesman Executive A  systematic  Ã‚  welldefined  organizational  structure  plays  a  vital   role  Ã‚  provides accurate information to the top-level management. An organization structure defines a clear-cut line of authorities responsibilities among the employees of GCMMF. The Organization structure of Amul is well-arranged structure. At a glance a person can completely come to know about  the organization structure. Amul  is  leaded  by  the  director  under  him  five  branches  viz.  Factory,  Marketing,Accounts, Purchase, Human Resources Department. Factory department has a separate general manager under him there are six braches viz.Production,  Stores,  Distribution,  Cold  Storage,  Quality,  and  Deep-freezing.  This department takes care of the  factory work .Marketing department has regional senior marketing manager and under him there is a regional manager. This department takes care  of the marketing aspects of Amul. Accounts  department  takes  care  regarding  accounts  i.e.  day-to-day  work.  Under  theaccountant there is one clerk. Purchase department takes care regarding the purchase of raw materials and many other things. 2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANISATION Every organization is set up with some objectives to fulfill. The objectives may be social, economic, national and human. Amul was also set up with some basic objectives to fulfill including all social, economic, national and human objectives. Following are the objectives of Amul: Social Objectives: Amul has an objective to supply goods with best of quality and purity at very reasonable rates. It helped to reduce malpractices carried out by merchants and milk traders. Its White revolution made a huge contribution to the alleviation of poverty and famine levels from levels that were dangerously low National Objectives: Amul has helped India to increase its production of milk by 40 million metric tonnes and become the country with the most milk production all over the world To increase the foreign exchange of the country by exporting the milk products To produce products according to national priorities To help improve the health and nutrition of many within the country. Human Objectives: To help the villagers associated with Amul to sell their milk products To provide good working conditions to the employees To provide growth opportunities to the backward and unprivileged villagers To provide job satisfaction to the employees Economic Objectives: Expansion of distribution network.   Creative and Unique marketing strategies. Optimum utilization of available resources. Creation and expansion of loyal customer base. Even though the basic objective is not to make profit, some profits are still to be made so as to survive and expand. 3.1 CONCLUSION The Amul model has helped India to emerge as the largest milk producer in the world. More than 15 million milk producers pour their milk in 1,44,246 dairy cooperative societies across the country. Their milk is processed in 177 District Co-operative Unions and marketed by 22 State Marketing Federations, ensuring a better life for millions. Someone beautifully said that when you buy from small shops, you are not helping a MNC CEO buy a third vacation home, but helping a little girl get school education, a little boy get his cricket bat, a mom put food on the table or a family repay a housing loan. It is this India that we need to believe in and care for.-CHAIRMAN SPEECH at the 38th Annual General Body Meeting held on 31st May, 2012. We would sincerely like to thank our business studies teacher for giving us this project as it has enriched and enhanced our knowledge about cooperative socities. ACTUAL FINDINGS: The managers at Amul provided us with alot of information as to how and when it was formed. It all began when milk became a symbol of protest. The birth of Amul was inspired by the freedom movement and was founded in 1946 to stop the exploitation by middlemen. The seeds of Amul were sown more than 65 years ago in Anand, a small town in Gujarat, western India. Angered by the manipulative practices of the local trade cartel, the farmers of Anand approached the great Indian patriot Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel for a solution. He advised them to get rid of middlemen and form their own co-operative, which would have procurement, processing and marketing under their control. In 1946, the farmers of this area went on a milk strike refusing to be cowed down by the cartel. Under the inspiration and guidance of great leaders like Sardar Patel, Morarji Desai and Tribhuvandas Patel, they formed their own cooperative. Amul grew from strength to strength since then and there was no looking back. The then Prime Minister of India, Lal Bahadur Shastri decided that the same approach should become the basis of a National Dairy Development policy. He understood that the success of Amul could be attributed to the following factors The farmers owned the diary, their elected representatives managed the village societies and the district union, and they employed professionals to operate the diary and manage its business. The cooperatives were sensitive to the needs of farmers and responsive to their demands. At his instance in 1965 the National Dairy Development Board was set up with the basic objective of replicating the Amul model. Dr. Kurien was chosen to head the institution as its Chairman and asked to replicate this model throughout the country. The managers even provided us with additional information about the amul model- The brand name Amul means AMULYA. This word derived from the Sanskrit word AMULYA which means PRICELESS. Amul products have been in use in millions of homessince 1946. Amul butter, Amul Milk Powder, Amul Ghee, Amulspray, Amul Cheese, Amul Chocolates, Amul Shrikhand, Amul Ice cream, Nutramul, Amul Milk and Amulya have made Amul a leading food brand in India. Today Amul is a symbol of many things like of the high quality products sold at reasonable prices, of the genesis of a vast co-operative network, of the triumph of indigenous technology, of the marketing savvy of a farmers organization. And have a proven model for diary development (ANAND PATTERN). At the initial stage only 250 litres of milk was collected every day. But with the growing awareness of the benefits of the coorperativeness, the collection of milk increased. Today Amul collects 11 lakhs liters of milk every day, representing growth of 6.09 percent. 3.3 VIPER REPORT

The Color Pulpe Essay -- Character Analysis, Celie

The rivalry between the right of men and women has been an hardily fight for decades. In The Color Purple, Alice Walker portrayed a patriarchal society made by and for men. In this system women struggle to obtain a voice. An example is the protagonist, Celie, who from the beginning of her life experience sexual, mental and physical abuse from her step-father and also by her husband. As a result of this unequal system where women are consider nothing without a man, Celie develops a passive character only doing what men order. However, with the unconditional support of the women around her, she finally attain her liberation and independence. As a result, her emancipation generate an opportunity to make her realize her individuality and inner strength. From the beginning of the novel it is show the patriarchal and misogynist society of which Celie is part. This harmful environment affect many aspects of her life. The initial system that is expose is the patriarchalism through her step-father, Alphonso, who is characterize as a mean, opprobrious and malicious old man. He is the first one who sexually abuse Celie. â€Å"Just say You gonna do what your mammy wouldn't. First he put his thing up against my hip and sort of wiggle around. Then he grab hold my titties. Then he push his thing inside my pussy.†(1) Alphonso aggressively took away the virginity as well as her innocence since there weren't any familiar attachments with her. Moreover, aside from being a sexual abuse is also physiological seem he make her believes that is her duty to give him the satisfactions that her mother refuse to. Furthermore, Alphonso also damage Celie emotionally by taking away her children, Adam and Olivia as well as making her feel inferior compare ... ...e as a women duty and not make it for man. â€Å"I use to try to sew along with mama cause that's what she was always doing. But everybody laughed at me. But you know, I liked it.†(279) To become part of the society he abandon something that he like. His perspective of the world change completely as well as he opinion of women. He begins to make t-shirts and with each stich he forget and forgive as well as fixing his mistakes. This way showing the extended metaphor of making t-shirts that represent forgiveness and repentance to go along with pants make out of love. After all, Mr.____ understood that that was a stupid rule and that as Celie he will not care about other people opinions but his. To establish equality is a difficult task in our society but is not impossible. A place where women and men could stand at the same level would make our society healthier.

Note taking Content Analysis

My research study is completely based on secondary resources because I have used various books and case laws to support the argument and they are a rich source of citation in legal projects. 1) Library Research a) Analysis of Historical records b) Analysis of documents c) Reference and Abstract Guides d) Note taking Content Analysis 2) Researching through the Internet E-article B) Relevance Of The Topic / Scope And Purpose The project aims to give a brief overview of the corruption and bribery practices undertaken by the public servants and the Indian laws dealing with the problem. The main law, I. . The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, is discussed in brief and the provisions pertaining to seizure of ill-gotten wealth and asset reinstatement have also been discussed. The problems and challenges faced by the country in fighting these challenges have also been highlighted. C) Research Questions: 0 What is meant by the term economic offences? 0 What are the various types of economic offences? 0 What is the need of having Economic Offences Wing in India? 0 Sectors most vulnerable to corruption and bribery practices 0 What exactly leads to corruption and bribery practices, undertaken by people? What are the various causes of corruption? D) Limitation of the Research: The research study carries with itself a few limitations, like, as it's restricted to the secondary research so, the quality of research is affected as the origins of the information maybe questionable. Secondary research never meets the specific needs of researcher because all those information, data, statistics have already been generated. Hence, I would suggest further researchers to critically evaluate and validate the reliability and credibility of the information gathered. CHAPTER II – INTRODUCTIONThe high potential of the domestic market which is driven by Indian's emerging middle class, cost competitiveness and its large talent pool continue to make our country one of the most preferre d destination for investors and businessmen. Despite the such as the United States, India remained stable. In fact, it registered growth in the foreign direct investment (FED)I . It garnered more than 110 % in the areas of telecommunication and chemicals, with a percentage of 103 and 227 respectively. L Now the question that arises is that, in spite of India being economically sound why re we still in a state of poverty?Why majority of our population still dowels in slum area? Why each day lots of children die out of hunger/ starvation? The most probable answer to these questions are the rooted instances of corruption and bribery in our system. The schemes/policies which are announced by the government each year in order to benefit the unprivileged are not being availed by them since there are certain loopholes in the system and the people who are not entitled to them take undue advantage and enjoy them. Corruption real or perceived is having a detrimental effect on our economy.On o ne and it is forcing investors to rethink about their investment in India and on the other hand, it is distorting the function of free and fair market and creating a state of unfair competition. ORIGIN/ HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: The instances of corruption and bribery form a part of our system from a long time. Take for an instances that an early stage of world war II, the Government of India realized that the vast increase in expenditure for war efforts had provided opportunities to both government officials and non-officials, for 1 www. Antistatic. Com indulging in bribery and corruption at the cost of public and the government. It was felt that the police and other law enforcement agencies under the state government were not in a situation to cope up with the situation. An executive order was therefore passed by the Government of India in 1941, setting up the Special police establishment under a DIG in then department of war with mandate to investigate cases of bribery and corrupti on in transaction with which war and supply department of the Government of India was concerned.Corruption has been blamed for the failures of certain developing countries to develop, and recent empirical research confirms a link between higher perceived corruption and lower investment and growth. What is Corruption? Corruption is a result of weak state management and exists when individuals or organizations have monopoly power over a good or service, discretion over making decisions, limited or no accountability, and low level of income.The frequently cited World Bank definition of corruption is the abuse of public office for private gain (World Bank 1997). Corruption not only affects broad macroeconomic variables, such as growth, and investment, but also income distribution. It has been further explained by United Nation Development Program (1997) that corruption increases poverty by creating incentives for higher investment in capital-intensive projects and lower investment in el aborateness's projects. Thus corruption causes poverty and income inequality.WHAT IS BRIBERY? Bribery is an act of giving money or gift that alters the behavior of the recipient, where the gift is of a dishonest nature. Bribery constitutes a crime and is defined by Black law dictionary, as the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of any item of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in charge of a public or legal duty. Offering a discount or a full or partial refund to all purchasers of the same kind, quality and quantity of product or service, is a legal rebate, and is not bribery.For example, it is legal for a 7 employee of a Public Utilities Commission involved in electric rate regulation to accept a rebate on electric service that reduces their cost for electricity, when the rebate is available to other residential electric customers. If the rebate was done to influence them to look favorably on the electric utility's rate increase applications, howe ver, that would be bribery, and unlawful. Now both corruption and bribery form a part of economic offences. Since they have decision of potential investors but they hamper the growth of free and fair market practices.Special Acts notified under section 3 of DOSE Act mainly pertaining to serious frauds in Banks, Stock Exchanges, Financial institutions, Joint Stock Companies, Public Limited Companies, misappropriation of public funds, criminal breach of trust, violation of Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, Customs Act, IMMIX Laws, counterfeiting of currency, narcotics, drug trafficking, arms peddling and offences related to antiquities, adulteration, black marketing etc. Www. Sibylline. Com 8 However after the Securities and Stock Exchange scam of 1992, a need was felt for strengthening and expanding the Economic Offences Wing of CB.The reorganization of the OWE was sanctioned by the Government of India vide DIP&T Letter No. 201123/92-AVID-II, dated July 22, 1994 and September 22, 1994 and a full-fledged Economic Offences Division came into existence , vide Order No. 4. 6/86-OLD, dated November 26, 1994. WORKING OF THE ECONOMIC OFFENCE WING:4 The Economic Offences Division is headed by a Special Director/Additional Director and it consists of four Zones. Each Zone is headed by a Joint Director. Every Zone has two or three Regions each headed by a DIG. Each Region comprises of two or three Branches headed by Superintendents of Police.Out of the four Zones of Economic Offence Division, one of the Zones deals exclusively with large and complicated security and bank frauds. This zone is also known as Banking Securities Fraud Cell (BASS). The other three Zones take up the investigation (of various types of Economic Offences, in general. The Court trials of the cases charge sheeted by the various OWE Branches are also conducted by the respective Branches. The economic offences taken up for investigation by Branches are usually cases of complicated and intricate nature in which PC offences, as also offences under arioso Central Acts are alleged to have been committed.The investigations usually involve collection and scrutiny of voluminous documents from banks as also from various Central/State Government departments. Many a time, investigation is www. CB. Nice. In/about/about. PH 9 Various type of economic offences Bank fraud Insider trading Money laundering Walla Betting and match fixing BANK FRAUD: bank fraud is the use of illegal means to secure money, assets or other property owned or held by a financial institute or to obtain money from depositors by redundantly posing as a bank or some other financial institute.People who are willing to deceive other people and obtain their money or assets through illegal means may set up companies or create websites with names that might sound similar to the existing banks, or even assume titles conferring notability to themselves for plausibility, then flee with the deposited funds. INSIDER TRADING : insid er trading is a trading of a company's shares or other securities by directors, employees, executives or other authorities of a company that have to access the material, non-public information of the company.Whereby ‘Material information' means any information that can cause a change in the stock prices. Not only does illegal insider trading give an unfair advantage to those who resort to it, but also leads to a loss for the masses, and enormous gains for a few. This makes investors refrain from investing in the capital market as they lose their faith in the system. Also since the investors are the lifeline of these companies, since they provide capital to facilitate liquidity, the economy is affected as a whole.Insider trading exists in India due to multiple reasons such as shortage of investigative powers and tools of SIB, as they cannot use wire tapes, and merely search phone records. Also, eighteen the overburdened Indian courts lead to delays in cases or the punishment is too light even if one is found guilty. 10 obtained money, typically by the means of transfers involving foreign bank or legitimate businesses. It is the process by which large amount of illegally obtained money is given the appearance of having originated from a legitimate source. WALLA: one of the most practiced illegal activity is Walla.It is a transfer of money without physical movement of money. Walla is an Arabic word which means ‘Transfer'. This process is most prominent in South Asia. It completely takes place on honor system and no promissory instrument is involved. Usually the Walla Walla charge a commission of 0. 5 % – 1% for domestic transfer but when the transfer is international along with the commission they also earn profit by bypassing the currency exchange rates. 5 SPOT FIXING: It refers to an illegal activity in a sport where a specific part of a game is fixed.

African Yoruba Drumming

African Yoruba Drumming Free Online Research Papers There are many things that set Yoruba drumming and Shona mbira music apart from one another. Most plainly of which is the sound that each produces. Typically, Yoruba drumming consists of a section of drummers playing various sizes, shapes and styles of drums, and is usually accompanied by vocalists. The mbira is a pitch and tone producing instrument that is plucked, rather than a percussive instrument that is struck or beat. Therefore, Mbira music is almost never accompanied by anything other than another mbria. However, the dundun drum itself is widely known for it’s ability to produce a wide range of pitches, also known as the â€Å"talking drum†. The use of dundun drums in African culture plays an important role, due to its close relationship with the African language of the Yoruba people. Because the African language is tonal, the dundun drum imitates the speech patterns of the language when it is played, hence the nickname â€Å"talking drum†. In the Eegun oje, a Yoruba masquarade, the dance is usually accompanied by bata, an ensemble of conically-shaped, double-headed membrane drums, and one of Yoruba’s most ancient instrumental ensembles. A bata ensemble consists of four drums: the iyaalu (the mother drum), and three supporting drums (the omele abo, the omele ako, and the kudi). The omele ako and the kudi often play very repetitive patterns and rhythms, while the omele abo often engages in dialogue with the iyaalu. The iyaalu is played by a master drummer, whose text-based improvisations are accompanied by the ostinato patterns of the supporting drums (Omojola, 2005, par. 2). Yoruba drumming is most often performed during rituals, or masquerade dances, in which a number of dancers dance to rhythmic cues given to them by the master drummer, and those not dancing often partake in a call-and-response style of vocal singing. However, vocals are perceived to be more of an accompaniment to the more dominant drumming. The texts of the songs were often sung as self-praise to motivate the dancers into action. Although many masquerades are used to represent the ancestor spirits of the Yoruba people, the Eegun oje is not. It is used plainly for entertainment. The representation or worship of ancestor spirits in song is one of the few things that Shona mbira music shares as a similarity. The Shona people have strong beliefs in life after death, in the sense that when death occurs, the spirit of the loved one transitions to another plane of existence. It is important to the Shona people that when this occurs, they stay in close communication with the deceased, in order to guide the spirits away from danger. They believe that the music of the mbira provides the most important means of communication to these spirits. The mbira consists of three rows of different sized metal strips, attached to a wooden resonator that are plucked to create different pitches. Cowry shells or bottle caps are also attached to the box, causing them to vibrate when a metal strip is plucked. One of the most important types of mbiras is the mbira davadzimu. It is an instrument closely associated with spirit possession ceremonies, known as the bira. In a bira ceremony, the mbria is played to create an open line of communication between the living and the dead. Although both the Yoruba and the Shona have affiliations with the spirit world, the difference is that the Shona use music to actively communicate with the dead, whereas the Yoruba typically just use music to worship spirits and gods in rituals and masquerades. Mbiras are typically played by themselves, indoors, but can also be played outdoors with the addition of a deze, a calabash resonator used for amplification. It is also not uncommon for Mbria players to play along with other Mbira players, or with the help of shakers and light percussion sections. In comparison to the four different drums sections used in the Eegun oje, there are typically two parts in mbria music: a leader (kushaura) and a follower (kutsinhera). Typically these parts are played by two different players, but they can also be played by a single, virtuoso mbira player. References: Omojola, B. (2005). Exploring the landscape of african music. OnMusic of the World. Retrieved January 26, 2009, from connect4education.org/Serf/ Default.aspx?(aa0unv55grguqz55zizmyd55) (bhnbf545znprvprbp0c0aj45)Event16. Research Papers on African Yoruba DrummingHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBringing Democracy to AfricaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Presidents and Vice Presidents - How They Are Elected

Presidents and Vice Presidents - How They Are Elected The president and vice president of the United States campaign together and are elected as a team and not individually following the adoption of the 12th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which was drafted to prevent the nations two highest elected officials from being from opposing political parties. The amendment made it more difficult, but not impossible, for voters to elect members of two political parties president and vice president. Candidates for president and vice president have appeared together on the same ticket since the election of 1804, the year the 12th Amendment was ratified. Prior to the adoption of the constitutional amendment, the office of vice president was awarded to the presidential candidate who won the second-largest number of votes, regardless of which political party he represented. In the presidential election of 1796, for example, voters chose John Adams, a Federalist, to be president. Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, was the runner-up in the vote count and thus became vice president to Adams. How a President and Vice President Could Be From Different Parties Still, theres nothing in the U.S. Constitution, particularly  the 12th Amendment, that prevents a  Republican from choosing a Democratic running mate or a Democrat from choosing a Green Party politician as her vice presidential candidate.  In fact, one of the nations modern-day presidential nominees came very close to selecting a running mate who wasnt from his own party. Still, it would be extremely difficult for a president to win an election in today’s hyperpartisan political climate with a running mate from an opposing party.   How could it happen? How could the United States end up with a Republican president and a Democratic vice president, or vice-versa?  Its  important to understand, first, that presidential and vice presidential candidates run together on the same ticket. Voters do not elect them separately but as a team. Voters choose presidents primarily based on their party affiliation, and their running mates typically are only minor factors in the decision-making process. So, in theory, the most obvious way for there to be a president and vice president from opposing political parties is for them to run on the same ticket.  What makes such a scenario unlikely, though, is the damage the candidate would sustain from members and voters of his party. Republican John McCain, for example, withered from the â€Å"outrage† of Christian conservatives when they found out he was leaning toward asking U.S. Sen. Joe Lieberman, a pro-abortion rights Democrat who left the party and became an independent. Theres one other way the U.S. could end up with a president and vice president could end up from opposing parties: in the case of an electoral tie where both presidential candidates receive fewer than the 270 electoral votes needed to win. In that case, the House of Representatives would choose the president and the Senate would choose the vice president. If the chambers are controlled by different parties, they would likely pick two people from opposing parties to serve in the White House. Why It's Unlikely thePresident and Vice President Would Be From Different Parties Sidney M. Milkis and Michael Nelson, the authors of The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776–2014, describe a â€Å"new emphasis on loyalty and competence and the new care invested in the selection process† as a reason presidential nominees choose a running mate with similar positions from the same party. â€Å"The modern era has been marked by an almost complete absence of ideologically opposed running mates, and those vice-presidential candidates who have differed on the issues with the head of the ticket have hastened to gloss over past disagreements and deny that any exist in the present.† What the Constitution Says Before the adoption of the 12th Amendment in 1804, voters chose presidents and vice presidents separately. When a president and vice  president were from opposing parties, as Vice President Thomas Jefferson and President John Adams were in the late 1700s, many thought the split provided a system of checks and balances just within the  executive branch.   According to the National Constitution Center, though: The presidential candidate who received the most electoral votes won the presidency; the runner-up became the vice president. In 1796, this meant that the president and the vice president were from different parties and had different political views, making governance more difficult. The adoption of Amendment XII solved this problem by allowing each party to nominate their team for president and vice president. Support for Electing Presidents and Vice Presidents Separately States could, in fact, allow separate votes for a president and vice president. But all of them now unify the two candidates on one ticket on their ballots. Vikram David Amar, a law professor at the University of California at Davis, wrote: â€Å"Why are voters denied the chance to vote for a president of one party and a vice president of the other? After all, voters often split their votes in other ways: between a president of one party and a House member or senator of the other; between federal representatives of one party and state representatives of the other.†

Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ecology - Essay Example such as inorganic aspects (carbon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water), organic compounds (protein, carbohydrates, lipids), climatic factors (temperature, moisture, light, topography), producers (plants), macro consumers and micro consumers (Unit 3: Ecosystems, 2004, p.56). Ecosystem is maintained by cycling nutrients and energy derived from the external sources. There are three levels in the ecosystem, where the first trophic level consists of the primary producers, that is, some bacteria, algae and plants. The herbivores that feed on the primary source like plants comprise the second trophic level and the third trophic level consists of the predators that consume the herbivores. Furthermore, the ecosystem also consists of another group called decomposers, which include worms, insects, bacteria, fungi, molds etc that â€Å"breakdown† the dead decaying substances, thus returning the nutrients to the soil (Unit 4: Ecosystems, n.d., p. 8). The gross primary productivity (GPP) of an ecosystem is the total amount of organic matter produced through photosynthesis, whereas the net primary productivity (NPP) refers to the energy that is present for plant growth â€Å"subtracting’ the amount that plant uses for respiration (9). In order to conduct detailed analysis of the ecosystem, one must first have a clear idea about ecosystem boundaries. The whole earth can be considered as an ecosystem because all things interact with each on earth. The ecosystem â€Å"distributed† regionally and globally can be identified by the common basic structural form (2 – Ecosystems and Their Services, n.d., p. 51). According to the analysis done by MA (Mill ennium Ecosystem Assessment), â€Å"10 categories† were made, namely, forest, island, dryland, polar, coastal, marine, inland water, mountain, cultivated and urban. These categories on their own cannot be considered as an ecosystem, but each category consists of many ecosystems, and the characteristic feature of all ecosystems are highly

Personal Legend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Legend - Essay Example Discovering and realizing one’s purpose in life and hence his or her legend results in the development of enthusiasm to achieve it (Coelho 8). Following your dreams brings happiness. Nevertheless, although the path is defined, it is loaded with trails that offer teachings and give important life lessons. As such, one requires a lot of courage, self determination and discipline. I would like to give an illustration of my personal legend whilst I explain the interferences to my path and how I dealt with them. Ever since I was little, I have always been fascinated by the FBI. This made me develop a legend of wanting to become a Special Agent with the bureau. As a child playing cops and robbers, I always wanted to be a cop and always protested when other kids wanted me to play the robber. To me the game meant more than just that. I felt I was really an agent of the law making arrests. I believe there is no better way of being a good citizen of this great country than being the one who enforces the constitution. This, coupled with the inspiration that was my grandfather, who was a federal agent at the time meant it did not take long for me realize my life’s purpose. In the first grade when we were asked what we wanted to do when we grew up, some of my classmates said teachers, doctors, engineers and other professions. The teacher was surprised when I drew a picture of me holding a gun arresting a criminal with the caption, â€Å"when I grow up I want to join the FBI.† Having a legend does not mean that one will automatically attain his or her goals as we have to lead lives through space and not inside it meaning we have to move (Ingold 148). Ever since I realized my legend, I have endeavored to better myself to become an agent in the bureau. Before I reached my teens, I used to think that all I had to do to become an agent is to arrest â€Å"bad guys† and carry a gun. My knowledge of the profession was based on the television series. However, my